Exploring the pharmacists' role in optimising antithrombotic therapy in primary care: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: In antithrombotic therapy, the balance between efficacy and safety is delicate, which makes it challenging for healthcare professionals, including pharmacists, to optimise therapy. Pharmacists may play an important role in optimising antithrombotic therapy, but especially in primary care, this role has not been elucidated. Here, we study how community pharmacists (pharmacists in primary care) perceive their current and future role in antithrombotic therapy. DESIGN: We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. The interview protocol and subsequent analysis were based on the Theoretical Domains Framework, and the findings were interpreted with the Capability Opportunity Motivation - Behaviour System. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The interview participants were community pharmacists, located across the Netherlands, from the Utrecht Pharmacy Practice network for Education and Research. RESULTS: We interviewed 16 community pharmacists between February and August 2021 and identified several major themes which were important for the pharmacist's role in antithrombotic therapy. Pharmacists felt responsible for the outcome of antithrombotic treatment and intended to invest in their role in antithrombotic therapy. Pharmacists did, however, experience barriers to their role in antithrombotic therapy, like a lack of access to clinical information such as the indication of antithrombotic treatment and a lack of specific knowledge on this treatment. CONCLUSION: Community pharmacists perceive a role for themselves in antithrombotic therapy. To fulfil this role, several preconditions must be met.

Impact of Drug Recalls on Patients in The Netherlands: A 5-Year Retrospective Data Analysis.

Drug recalls occur frequently and have the potential to impact considerable numbers of patients and healthcare providers. However, in the absence of a comprehensive overview the extent of conducted recalls and their impact on patients remains unknown. To address this, we developed a comprehensive overview of drug recalls affecting patients. We compiled this overview based on the drug recall registrations from the Jeroen Bosch Hospital (JBZ), the University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), and the Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association (KNMP). A retrospective data analysis was conducted to identify drug recalls that affected patients. Specifically, we defined these as drug recalls that required patients to actively switch their drug to a different batch or brand of the same drug or to switch to a drug within the same or a different class of drugs. To quantify the impact, we used real-world drug dispensing data. Between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2021, we identified 48 drug recalls that necessitated patients to make active changes to their medications an estimated 855,000 times. Most of the affected patients (292,000) were required to switch to a different brand of the same drug, whereas in 95,000 cases patients had to switch to a drug from another drug class. Our study suggests that a significant number of patients are affected by drug recalls. Future efforts are needed to elucidate patients' experiences and preferences regarding drug recalls, which could provide valuable insights to aid decision-making by relevant (national) authorities concerning drug recalls.

Patients' perspectives on tapering programmes for prescription opioid use disorder: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: Approximately 10% of chronic pain patients who receive opioids develop an opioid use disorder (OUD). Tapering programmes for these patients show high drop-out rates. Insight into chronic pain patients' experiences with tapering programmes for prescription OUD could help improve such programmes. Therefore, we investigated the perspectives of chronic pain patients with prescription OUD to identify facilitators and barriers to initiate and complete a specialised OUD tapering programme. DESIGN: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews on experiences with initiation and completion of opioid tapering was audio recorded, transcribed and subject to directed content analysis. SETTING: This study was conducted in two facilities with specialised opioid tapering programmes in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-five adults with chronic pain undergoing treatment for prescription OUD participated. RESULTS: Participants indicated that tapering is a personal process, where willingness and motivation to taper, perceived (medical) support and pain coping strategies have an impact on the tapering outcome. The opportunity to join a medical-assisted tapering programme, shared decision-making regarding tapering pace, tapering location, and receiving medical and psychological support facilitated completion of an opioid tapering programme. CONCLUSIONS: According to patients, a successful treatment of prescription OUD requires a patient-centred approach that combines personal treatment goals with shared decision-making on opioid tapering. Referral to a specialised tapering programme that incorporates opioid rotation, non-judgmental attitudes, and psychological support can create a safe and supportive environment, fostering successful tapering and recovery.

Quality of the educational environment in postgraduate community pharmacy education and the relationship with trainees’ basic psychological needs

Background: Quality of the educational environment affects trainee performance and well-being in postgraduate healthcare education. In pharmacy practice the quality of the educational environment has not been extensively studied. Self-determination Theory can assist in understanding the underlying mechanisms. Objectives: In this study, the quality of the educational environment and its relationship with satisfaction and frustration of trainees’ basic psychological needs and motivation were investigated in a Dutch community pharmacy postgraduate education programme. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, pharmacists specializing to become community pharmacists completed the Scan of Postgraduate Educational Environment Domains (SPEED), the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale for the Work Domain, and the Academic Motivation Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis followed by path analysis was used to analyse the relationships between the variables. Results: Out of 232 trainees, 205 responded (88%). Most trainees (82%) were positive about the quality of the educational environment. The resulting path model displayed a moderate to good fit. The perceived quality of the educational environment had a moderate positive association with basic psychological needs satisfaction (Factor loading = 0.40) and a similar negative association with basic psychological needs frustration (Factor loading = -0.47). Basic psychological needs frustration had a moderate association with an increased sense of internal and external pressures also known as controlled motivation (Factor loading = 0.31). Intrinsic motivation was not affected by the perceived quality of the educational environment. (AU)

Barriers and facilitators for the implementation of the CombiConsultation by general practitioners, pharmacists and practice nurses: a qualitative interview study.

BACKGROUND: The CombiConsultation is a consultation with the pharmacist for patients with a chronic condition, aligned with the periodic consultation with the practice nurse or general practitioner. Implementation requires adjustments in the working methods of these healthcare providers and therefore behavioural changes. AIM: The aim of this study was to identify the barriers and facilitators that determine the behavioural changes by pharmacists, general practitioners and practice nurses required for the implementation of the CombiConsultation. METHOD: Ten community pharmacists, 5 practice nurses and 5 general practitioners were sampled from practices enrolled in the CombiConsultation study. Their views regarding the implementation of this clinical pharmacy service were explored using interviews based on the 14 domains of the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), which are linked to the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour-model. Barriers and facilitators in the domains were assessed by content analysis. RESULTS: Twelve barriers and 23 facilitators were found within 13 TDF domains with high agreement between the healthcare providers. Important facilitators for implementation were the pharmacists' expertise in pharmacotherapy (capability), access to medical data and physical proximity between professional practices (opportunity). Barriers were pharmacists' insufficient consultation- and clinical-reasoning skills (capability), insufficient staff (opportunity) and reimbursement and lack of coordination among all involved healthcare providers (motivation). CONCLUSION: All healthcare providers are motivated to implement the CombiConsultation. An existing collaborative practice, with a clear and accepted professional role of the pharmacist is essential. Training of pharmacists in consultation and clinical-reasoning skills can be beneficial, as well as arrangements on the consultation logistics, and reimbursement.

Pragmatic Delphi study aimed at determining practical components for a tool designed to assist Dutch primary care-givers in opioid deprescribing for non-cancer pain.

BACKGROUND: Over the past decades, opioid prescriptions have increased in the Netherlands. The Dutch general practitioners' guideline on pain was recently updated and now aims to reduce opioid prescriptions and high-risk opioid use for non-cancer pain. The guideline, however, lacks practical measures for implementation. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine practical components for a tool that should assist Dutch primary care prescribers and implements the recently updated guideline to reduce opioid prescriptions and high-risk use. METHODS: A modified Delphi approach was used. The practical components for the tool were identified based on systematic reviews, qualitative studies, and Dutch primary care guidelines. Suggested components were divided into Part A, containing components designed to reduce opioid initiation and stimulate short-term use, and Part B, containing components designed to reduce opioid use among patients on long-term opioid treatment. During three rounds, a multidisciplinary panel of 21 experts assessed the content, usability, and feasibility of these components by adding, deleting, and adapting components until consensus was reached on the outlines of an opioid reduction tool. RESULTS: The resulting Part A consisted of six components, namely education, opioid decision tree, risk assessment, agreements on dosage and duration of use, guidance and follow-up, and interdisciplinary collaboration. The resulting Part B consisted of five components, namely education, patient identification, risk assessment, motivation, and tapering. CONCLUSIONS: In this pragmatic Delphi study, components for an opioid reduction tool for Dutch primary care-givers are identified. These components need further development, and the final tool should be tested in an implementation study.

Barriers and facilitators for providing self-care advice in community pharmacies: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Community pharmacies are easily accessible for self-care advice. Guidelines for providing self-care advice were introduced in several countries, including the Netherlands in the 1990s. Previous studies have indicated room for improvement in self-care advice in daily pharmacy practice. AIM: To identify barriers and facilitators for providing self-care advice. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews were conducted face-to-face or online with pharmacists and pharmacy assistants using a topic guide based on the Theoretical Domains Framework. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were deductively analysed to identify barriers and facilitators for self-care counselling. COREQ guidelines were followed. RESULTS: In total, 13 pharmacists and 12 pharmacy assistants were interviewed to reach data saturation. In general, most themes addressed by pharmacists and pharmacy assistants belonged to similar domains. The following domains were frequently mentioned: environmental context and resources (e.g. priority for prescription drugs, privacy, collaboration with general practitioners, access to patients' records), intentions (providing reliable advice), skills (communication, decision-making), knowledge (ready guideline knowledge), beliefs about consequences (patient safety), social influences (patient awareness of pharmacist role), reinforcement (lack of reimbursement for relatively time-consuming advice). CONCLUSION: This study identifies barriers and facilitators for evidence-based self-care advice. Pharmacists should first support pharmacy assistants by helping them keep their knowledge and skills up to date and creating suitable pharmacy preconditions to facilitate improvements in self-care counselling. Second, collaboration with general practitioners regarding minor ailments should be improved.

What Changes Have Occurred in Opioid Prescriptions and the Prescribers of Opioids Before TKA and THA? A Large National Registry Study.

BACKGROUND: Opioid use before TKA or THA is linked to a higher risk of revision surgery and less functional improvement. In Western countries, the frequency of preoperative opioid use has varied, and robust information on temporal changes in opioid prescriptions over time (in the months before surgery as well as annual changes) and among prescribers is necessary to pinpoint opportunities to improve on low-value care patterns, and when they are recognized, to target physician populations for intervention strategies. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) What proportion of patients undergoing arthroplasties receive an opioid prescription in the year before TKA or THA, and what were the preoperative opioid prescription rates over time between 2013 and 2018? (2) Does the preoperative prescription rate vary between 12 and 10 months and between 3 and 1 months in the year before TKA or THA, and did it change between 2013 and 2018? (3) Which medical professionals were the main prescribers of preoperative opioids 1 year before TKA or THA? METHODS: This was a large-database study drawn from longitudinally maintained national registry sources in the Netherlands. The Dutch Foundation for Pharmaceutical Statistics was linked to the Dutch Arthroplasty Register from 2013 to 2018. TKAs and THAs performed because of osteoarthritis in patients older than 18 years, which were also uniquely linked by age, gender, patient postcode, and low-molecular weight heparin use, were eligible. Between 2013 and 2018, 146,052 TKAs were performed: 96% (139,998) of the TKAs were performed for osteoarthritis in patients older than 18 years; of them, 56% (78,282) were excluded because of our linkage criteria. Some of the linked arthroplasties could not be linked to a community pharmacy, which was necessary to follow patients over time, leaving 28% (40,989) of the initial TKAs as our study population. Between 2013 and 2018, 174,116 THAs were performed: 86% (150,574) were performed for osteoarthritis in patients older than 18 years, one arthroplasty was excluded because of an outlier opioid dose, and a further 57% (85,724 of 150,574) were excluded because of our linkage criteria. Some of the linked arthroplasties could not be linked to a community pharmacy, leaving 28% (42,689 of 150,574) of THAs, which were performed between 2013 and 2018. For both TKA and THA, the mean age before surgery was 68 years, and roughly 60% of the population were women. We calculated the proportion of patients undergoing arthroplasties who had at least one opioid prescription in the year before arthroplasty and compared data from 2013 to 2018. Opioid prescription rates are given as defined daily dosages and morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) per arthroplasty. Opioid prescriptions were assessed by preoperative quarter and by operation year. Possible changes over time in opioid exposure were investigated using linear regression, adjusted for age and gender, in which the month of operation since January 2013 was used as the determinant and MME as the outcome. This was done for all opioids combined and per opioid type. Possible changes in opioid prescription rates in the year before arthroplasty were assessed by comparing the time period of 1 to 3 months before surgery with the other quarters. Additionally, preoperative prescriptions per operation year were assessed per prescriber category: general practitioners, orthopaedic surgeons, rheumatologists, and others. All analyses were stratified by TKA or THA. RESULTS: The proportion of patients undergoing arthroplasties who had an opioid prescription before TKA increased from 25% (1079 of 4298) in 2013 to 28% (2097 of 7460) in 2018 (difference 3% [95% CI 1.35% to 4.65%]; p < 0.001), and before THA increased from 25% (1111 to 4451) to 30% (2323 to 7625) (difference 5% [95% CI 3.8% to 7.2%]; p < 0.001). The mean preoperative opioid prescription rate increased over time between 2013 and 2018 for both TKA and THA. For TKA, an adjusted monthly increase of 3.96 MME was observed (95% CI 1.8 to 6.1 MME; p < 0.001). For THA, the monthly increase was 3.8 MME (95% CI 1.5 to 6.0; p = 0.001. For both TKA and THA, there was a monthly increase in the preoperative oxycodone rate (3.8 MME [95% CI 2.5 to 5.1]; p < 0.001 and 3.6 [95% CI 2.6 to 4.7]; p < 0.001, respectively). For TKA, but not for THA, there was a monthly decrease in tramadol prescriptions (-0.6 MME [95% CI -1.0 to -0.2]; p = 0.006). Regarding the opioids prescribed in the year before surgery, there was a mean increase of 48 MME (95% CI 39.3 to 56.7 MME; p < 0.001) for TKA between 10 and 12 months and the last 3 months before surgery. For THA, this increase was 121 MME (95% CI 110 to 131 MME; p < 0.001). Regarding possible differences between 2013 and 2018, we only found differences in the period 10 to 12 months before TKA (mean difference 61 MME [95% CI 19.2 to 103.3]; p = 0.004) and the period 7 to 9 months before TKA (mean difference 66 MME [95% CI 22.0 to 110.9]; p = 0.003). For THA, there was an increase in the MMEs prescribed between 2013 and 2018 for all four quarters, with mean differences ranging from 43.9 to 55.4 MME (p < 0.05). The average proportion of preoperative opioid prescriptions prescribed by general practitioners ranged between 82% and 86% (41,037 of 49,855 for TKA and 49,137 of 57,289 for THA), between 4% and 6% (2924 of 49,855 for TKA and 2461 of 57,289 for THA), by orthopaedic surgeons, 1% by rheumatologists (409 of 49,855 for TKA and 370 of 57,289 for THA), and between 9% and 11% by other physicians (5485 of 49,855 for TKA and 5321 of 57,289 for THA). Prescriptions by orthopaedic surgeons increased over time, from 3% to 7% for THA (difference 4% [95% CI 3.6 to 4.9]) and 4% to 10% for TKA (difference 6% [95% CI 5% to 7%]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Between 2013 and 2018, preoperative opioid prescriptions increased in the Netherlands, mainly because of a shift to more oxycodone prescriptions. We also observed an increase in opioid prescriptions in the year before surgery. Although general practitioners were the main prescribers of preoperative oxycodone, prescriptions by orthopaedic surgeons also increased during the study period. Orthopaedic surgeons should address opioid use and its associated negative effects in preoperative consultations. More intradisciplinary collaboration seems important to limit the prescribing of preoperative opioids. Additionally, research is necessary to assess whether opioid cessation before surgery reduces the risk of adverse outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.

The CombiConsultation for patients with diabetes, COPD and cardiovascular diseases: Evaluation of interventions and personal health-related goals.

BACKGROUND: The CombiConsultation is a consultation with the community pharmacist for patients with diabetes, COPD and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD), aligned with the annual or quarterly consultation with the practice nurse (PN) or general practitioner (GP). The consultation is focused on the personal health-related goals of the patient. OBJECTIVES: To assess the number and types of personal health-related goals, drug-related problems (DRPs) and interventions identified by pharmacists during a CombiConsultation and to investigate which patients can benefit most from such consultation. METHOD: Twenty-one Dutch community pharmacies and associated GP practices were included in the CombiConsultation study. CombiConsultations were performed, involving patients with diabetes, COPD and/or (at risk of) CVD. The pharmacists set health-related goals together with the patients and identified DRPs. The number and types of personal health-related goals, DRPs and interventions were analysed. Associations between patient characteristics and the identification of at least one DRP were analysed by multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: In 834 patients (49% men, mean age: 70 years), 939 DRPs were identified, mostly (potential) side effects (33%), undertreatment (18%) and overtreatment (14%). In 71% of the patients, one or more DRPs were found, with a median of one DRP per patient. Pharmacists proposed 935 recommendations, of which 72% were implemented. DRPs were found more often in patients using a higher number of drugs for chronic conditions. A total of 425 personal health-related goals were set, of which 53% were (partially) attained. CONCLUSION: The CombiConsultation can be used as a compact health service contributing to safe and effective use of medication for patients with diabetes, COPD and/or (at risk of) CVD, also in patients under 65 or with less than 5 medications in use. The output of the CombiConsultation reflects its characteristics.

Patients' Perspectives on the Development of Prescription Opioid Use Disorder in Patients with Chronic Non-Cancer Pain.

INTRODUCTION: In the past decade, prescription opioid use increased exponentially and concomitantly opioid use disorders (OUD) are becoming more common. Several risk factors for developing OUD have been identified, but little is known regarding the patients' perspective on developing a prescription OUD. METHODS: We recruited 25 adults undergoing treatment for prescription OUD. In-depth, semi-structured interviews focussed on experiences with long-term opioid use, knowledge and attitudes regarding opioids, and access to opioids. A directed content analysis was conducted on the transcribed interviews using NVivo. RESULTS: Participants showed that the development of an OUD is affected by various factors which could be grouped into three themes: (1) experiences driving initiation, (2) experiences driving continuation, and (3) experiences with prescription OUD. Besides the need for pain management, the dynamics of patient-provider communication, care coordination, provider vigilance, and environmental support all contributed to the way patients used their opioids. CONCLUSION: Patients' experiences illustrate that the first stage of the development of prescription OUD differs from the development of other substance addictions. Negative reinforcement might play a more prominent role in the early phase of prescription opioid use. Patients expressed a lack of guidance, both at the start of use and long-term use, easy access to new prescriptions and a lack of monitoring as main drivers of the development. Poorly controlled pain and subjective stress fuelled continuous opioid use.

Out-of-hospital opioid prescriptions after knee and hip arthroplasty: prescribers and the first prescribed opioid.

BACKGROUND: We determined the first prescribed opioid and the prescribers of opioids after knee and hip arthroplasty (KA/HA) between 2013 and 2018 in the Netherlands. We also evaluated whether the first prescribed opioid dose was associated with the total dispensed dose and long-term opioid use in the first postoperative year. METHODS: The Dutch Foundation for Pharmaceutical Statistics was linked to the Dutch Arthroplasty Register. Stratified for KA/HA, the first out-of-hospital opioid within 30 days of operation was quantified as median morphine milligram equivalent (MME). Opioid prescribers were orthopaedic surgeons, general practitioners, rheumatologists, anaesthesiologists, and other physicians. Long-term use was defined as ≥1 opioid prescription for >90 postoperative days. We used linear and logistic regression analyses adjusted for confounders. RESULTS: Seventy percent of 46 106 KAs and 51% of the 42 893 HAs were prescribed ≥1 opioid. Oxycodone increased as first prescribed opioid (from 44% to 85%) whereas tramadol decreased (64-11%), but their dosage remained stable (stronger opioids were preferred by prescribers). An increase in the first prescription of 1% MME resulted in a 0.43%/0.37% increase in total MME (KA/HA, respectively). A 100 MME increase in dose of the first dispensed opioid had a small effect on long-term use (prevalence: 25% KA, 20% HA) (odds ratio=1.02/1.01 for KA/HA, respectively). Orthopaedic surgeons increasingly prescribed the first prescription between 2013 and 2018 (44-69%). General practitioners mostly prescribed consecutive prescriptions (>50%). CONCLUSION: Oxycodone increased as first out-of-hospital prescription between 2013 and 2018. The dose of the first prescribed opioid was associated with the total dose and a small increased risk of prolonged use. First prescriptions were mostly written by orthopaedic surgeons and consecutive prescriptions by general practitioners.

Patients' experience with a community pharmacy fall prevention service.

Background: Pharmacists can contribute to fall prevention, by offering services such as fall risk screenings, counselling, and medication reviews. Patient acceptance of the role of pharmacists in fall prevention is crucial. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore patients' experience with a community pharmacy fall prevention service. Methods: Interviews were conducted with patients one month after they participated in a pharmacy fall prevention service, in the Netherlands. Patient inclusion criteria for the service were: age ≥ 70 years, use of ≥5 drugs including ≥1 fall risk-increasing drug. The service included a fall risk screening followed by counselling and a medication review. The semi-structured interview guide was based on the consolidated framework for implementation research and included the following topics: outcomes, patient's motivation, and contact with the pharmacy technician. Results: Of the 91 participants of the fall prevention service, 87 patients were interviewed with a median age of 78.0 years (first quartile [Q1] - third quartile [Q3]: 74.0-84.75) and 46.3% were female. Many patients expressed positive feedback about receiving a medication review. Most patients whose medication was deprescribed expressed to be positive about this. Others were reassured about the appropriateness of their medication use. Patients reported that the service enhanced their awareness about fall prevention. Only a few patients were motivated to adapt their lifestyle. Patients appreciated the attention and contact. Conclusions: Patients see a potential benefit for a community pharmacy falls prevention service, including a medication review. Patient education appeared to enhance their fall risk awareness.

Immediate release fentanyl in general practices: Mostly off-label prescribing.

BACKGROUND: The immediacy of the onset of opioids may be associated with the risk of dependency and accidental overdose. Nasal and oromucosal fentanyl dosage forms are so called immediate release fentanyl (IRF). These IRFs have been approved to treat breakthrough pain in patients with cancer who are on chronic opioid treatment only. There are signals of increased off-label prescribing of IRFs in general practices. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to provide insight into the frequency of IRF prescription in Dutch general practices and the extent to which IRF is prescribed off-label. METHODS: Routinely collected electronic health records of general practices (GPs) participating in Nivel Primary Care Database were used. Adult patients with IRF prescriptions in 2019 were selected from whom dispensing data on 2018 and 2019 was available. Diagnoses were recorded by GPs using International Classification of Primary Care. Descriptive analyses were performed. RESULTS: This study included 342 GPs with a patient population of 1,297,942 patients, 1,368 patients received at least one IRF prescription in 2019, which is equal to 1.1 patients per 1,000 registered patients. Most patients (74.9%) with an IRF prescription received an off-label prescription. A slight majority had a cancer diagnosis but nearly 65.2% did not have a maintenance therapy and 14% were opioid-naive before receiving their first IRF prescription. CONCLUSION: IRFs are not prescribed frequently in Dutch general practices. However, when prescribed, a relatively large portion of patients received an off-label prescription.

Establishing a community pharmacy-based fall prevention service - An implementation study.

BACKGROUND: Community pharmacists are in the position to contribute to fall prevention, but this is not yet common practice. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of a community pharmacy-based fall prevention service. METHODS: A fall prevention service, consisting of a fall risk screening and assessment including a medication review, was implemented in pharmacies during three months. A preparative online training was provided to the pharmacy team to enhance adoption of the service. Included patients were aged ≥70 years, using ≥5 drugs of which ≥1 fall risk-increasing drug. The implementation process was quantitively assessed by registering medication adaptations, recommendations, and referrals. Changes in patient scores on the Short Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) and a fall prevention knowledge test were documented at one month follow-up. Implementation was qualitatively evaluated by conducting semi-structured interviews with pharmacists before and after the project, based on the consolidated framework of implementation research. RESULTS: The service was implemented in nine pharmacies and 91 consultations were performed. Medication was adapted of 32 patients. Patients' short FES-I scores were significantly higher at follow-up (p = 0.047) and patients' knowledge test scores did not differ (p = 0.86). Pharmacists experienced the following barriers: lack of time, absence of staff, and limited multidisciplinary collaboration. Facilitators were training, motivated staff, patient engagement, and project scheduling. CONCLUSION: The service resulted in a substantial number of medication adaptations and lifestyle recommendations, but many barriers were identified that hamper the sustained implementation of the service.

Diagnosis of acute cystitis in primary care: symptom-based versus urinalysis-based diagnosis.

AIM: This study aimed to provide insight into the congruity of acute cystitis (AC) diagnosis in women, measured both by the Acute Cystitis Symptom Score (ACSS) questionnaire and urine test(s). BACKGROUND: The ACSS questionnaire was developed as a self-administering tool for assessing urinary symptoms, quality of life (QoL) and treatment outcomes in healthy, nonpregnant female patients. METHODS: This prospective observational cohort study compared AC diagnosis based on the questionnaire with a GP diagnosis based on dipstick/dipslide test(s). ACSS questionnaire form A (typical and differential symptoms, QoL and relevant conditions) was filled in by the patient group, women suspected for AC visiting a GP practice with a urine sample, and the reference group, women visiting a community pharmacy for any medication. Analyses were performed assuming that the GP diagnosis based on urine test(s) was correct. Divergent result(s) of urine test(s) and ACSS questionnaire were analysed for scores of all individual questionnaire domains. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and the positive predictive value (PPV) and the negative predictive value (NPV) of the ACSS questionnaire and the urine test(s). FINDINGS: In the patient group, 59 women were included, 38 of whom a GP positively diagnosed for AC. The reference group included 70 women. The PPV of the ACSS questionnaire was 77.3%, and the NPV was 73.3%. Analysis of patient data for divergent results showed that differential symptoms, QoL and relevant conditions explained false-positive and false-negative results. Revised results (most probable diagnosis) based on this analysis showed a PPV and NPV of 88.6% and 73.3% for the ACSS questionnaire and 100% and 76.2% for the urine test(s). For use in primary care, a reduction in false-positive and false-negative results can be achieved by including scores for differential symptoms, QoL and relevant conditions, alongside a total typical symptoms score of 6 or higher.

Clinical reasoning by pharmacists: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Clinical reasoning is considered a core competency for pharmacists, but there is a lack of conceptual clarity that complicates teaching and assessment. This scoping review was conducted to identify, map, and examine evidence on used cognitive processes and their conceptualization of clinical reasoning by pharmacists. METHODS: In March 2021, seven databases were searched for relevant primary research studies. Included were studies that examined cognitive processes in pharmacists while addressing a clinical scenario in a pharmacy-related setting. Using descriptive analysis, study characteristics, conceptualizations, operationalizations, and key findings were mapped, summarized, and examined. Results were reported using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. RESULTS: From 2252 abstracts, 17 studies were included that examined clinical reasoning in the context of forming a diagnosis (n = 9) or determining medication appropriateness (n = 4). Most studies conceptualized clinical reasoning as a context-dependent cognitive process whereby pharmacists apply and integrate knowledge and clinical experience to interpret available clinical data. Different terms labelled pharmacists' reasoning that showed analytical and intuitive approaches to clinical scenarios, either separately or combined. Medication review studies reported a predominance of analytical reasoning. The majority of diagnosis-forming studies in primary care identified no distinct cognitive reasoning pattern when addressing self-care scenarios. IMPLICATIONS: This overview reflects a small but growing body of research on clinical reasoning by pharmacists. It is recommended that this competence be taught by explicating and reflecting on clinical reasoning as separate stage of the clinical decision-making process with transparent cognitive processes.

Opioid prescribing patterns after arthroplasty of the knee and hip: a Dutch nationwide cohort study from 2013 to 2018.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Numbers on opioid prescriptions over time in arthroplasty patients are currently lacking. Therefore we determined the annual opioid prescribing rate in patients who received a hip/knee arthroplasty (HA/KA) between 2013 and 2018. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Dutch Foundation for Pharmaceutical Statistics, which provides national coverage of medication prescriptions, was linked to the Dutch Arthroplasty Register, which provides arthroplasty procedures. The opioid prescription rates were expressed as the number of defined daily dosages (DDD) and morphine milligram equivalent (MME) per person year (PY) and stratified for primary and revision arthroplasty. Amongst subgroups for age (< 75; ≥ 75 years) and sex for primary osteoarthritis arthroplasties, prescription rates stratified for opioid type (weak/strong) and prevalent preoperative opioid prescriptions (yes/no) were assessed. RESULTS: 48,051 primary KAs and 53,964 HAs were included, and 3,540 revision KAs and 4,118 HAs. In 2013, after primary KA 58% were dispensed ≥ 1 opioid within the first year; this increased to 89% in 2018. For primary HA these numbers increased from 38% to 75%. In KAs the prescription rates increased from 13.1 DDD/PY to 14.4 DDD/PY, mainly due to oxycodone prescriptions (2.9 DDD/PY to 7.3 DDD/PY), while tramadol decreased (7.3 DDD/PY to 4.6 DDD/PY). The number of MME/PY also increased (888 MME/PY to 1224 MME/PY). Similar changes were observed for HA and revision arthroplasties. Irrespective of joint, prescription of opioid medication increased over time, with highest levels in groups with preoperative opioid prescriptions while weak opioid prescriptions decreased. INTERPRETATION: In the Netherlands, between 2013 and 2018 postoperative opioid prescriptions after KA and HA increased, mainly due to increased oxycodone prescriptions with highest levels after surgeries with preoperative prescriptions.

Validity evidence for summative performance evaluations in postgraduate community pharmacy education.

INTRODUCTION: Workplace-based assessment of competencies is complex. In this study, the validity of summative performance evaluations (SPEs) made by supervisors in a two-year longitudinal supervisor-trainee relationship was investigated in a postgraduate community pharmacy specialization program in the Netherlands. The construct of competence was based on an adapted version of the 2005 Canadian Medical Education Directive for Specialists (CanMEDS) framework. METHODS: The study had a case study design. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. The year 1 and year 2 SPE scores of 342 trainees were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and generalizability theory. Semi-structured interviews were held with 15 supervisors and the program director to analyze the inferences they made and the impact of SPE scores on the decision-making process. RESULTS: A good model fit was found for the adapted CanMEDS based seven-factor construct. The reliability/precision of the SPE measurements could not be completely isolated, as every trainee was trained in one pharmacy and evaluated by one supervisor. Qualitative analysis revealed that supervisors varied in their standards for scoring competencies. Some supervisors were reluctant to fail trainees. The competency scores had little impact on the high-stakes decision made by the program director. CONCLUSIONS: The adapted CanMEDS competency framework provided a valid structure to measure competence. The reliability/precision of SPE measurements could not be established and the SPE measurements provided limited input for the decision-making process. Indications of a shadow assessment system in the pharmacies need further investigation.

Perspectives of primary care providers on multidisciplinary collaboration to prevent medication-related falls.

Background: The causes of falls are often multifactorial. The prevention of falls benefits from a multidisciplinary approach. As people who fall are generally older and users of polypharmacy who frequently visit pharmacies, pharmacists may contribute to fall prevention. Objectives: This study aims to explore the perceptions of primary care providers on multidisciplinary collaboration in fall prevention especially with pharmacists. Methods: Two focus groups were held with each of the following health disciplines: physiotherapists, home care nurses, and practice nurses. A topic list was developed based on the capability opportunity motivation - behaviour (COM-B) model and the theoretical domains framework (TDF). Focus groups were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Data were collected in the Netherlands between March and June 2021. Results: Six online focus groups were held with 17 physiotherapists, 14 home care nurses, and 15 practice nurses. Participants reported to collaborate multidisciplinary to prevent falls, but they had very limited collaboration with community pharmacists regarding fall prevention. Participants had limited knowledge on drugs that increase the risk of falls. This contributed to their low awareness of the potential role of pharmacists in fall prevention. Other reasons for poor collaboration in fall prevention were lack of agreements with pharmacists, limited coordination and communication. Participants were open to more collaboration with pharmacists and believed this could potentially improve patient outcomes. Conclusions: Multidisciplinary agreements among health care providers, including community pharmacists, about referral criteria, roles and responsibilities, communication and coordination, could stimulate further collaboration in fall prevention.